醫(yī)院廢物是指醫(yī)院所有需要丟棄、不能再利用的廢物，包括生物性的和非生物性的，也包括生活垃圾。醫(yī)療廢物是指在病人進(jìn)行診斷、治療、護(hù)理等活動的過程中產(chǎn)生的廢物。醫(yī)療廢物中可能含有大量病原微生物和有害化學(xué)物質(zhì)，甚至?xí)蟹派湫院蛽p傷性物質(zhì)，因此醫(yī)療廢物是引起疾病傳播或相關(guān)公共衛(wèi)生問題的重要危險性因素。

Hospital waste refers to all waste that needs to be discarded and cannot be reused in hospitals, including biological and non biological waste, as well as household waste. Medical waste refers to the waste generated during the diagnosis, treatment, care and other activities of patients. Medical waste may contain a large amount of pathogenic microorganisms, harmful chemicals, and even radioactive and damaging substances, making it an important risk factor for disease transmission or related public health issues.

分類

classification

《醫(yī)療廢物分類目錄》將醫(yī)療廢物分為5類∶

The Classification Catalogue of Medical Waste divides medical waste into 5 categories:

感染性廢物

Infectious waste

感染性廢物是指攜帶病原微生物具有引發(fā)感染性疾病傳播危險的醫(yī)療廢物，包括被病人血液、體液、排泄物污染的物品，傳染病病人產(chǎn)生的垃圾等醫(yī)療廢物塑料制品；

Infectious waste refers to medical waste that carries pathogenic microorganisms and is dangerous to cause the spread of infectious diseases, including articles contaminated by patients' blood, body fluids, excreta, garbage generated by infectious disease patients and other medical waste plastic products;

病理性廢物

Pathological waste

病理性廢物是指在診療過程中產(chǎn)生的人體廢棄物和醫(yī)學(xué)試驗動物尸體，包括手術(shù)中產(chǎn)生的廢棄人體組織、病理切片后廢棄的人體組織、病理臘塊等；

Pathological waste refers to human waste and medical experimental animal carcasses generated during the diagnosis and treatment process, including discarded human tissue generated during surgery, discarded human tissue after pathological sectioning, pathological wax blocks, etc;

損傷性廢物

Harmful waste

損傷性廢物是指能夠刺傷或割傷人體的廢棄的醫(yī)用銳器，包括醫(yī)用針、解剖刀、手術(shù)刀、玻璃試管等；

Harmful waste refers to discarded medical sharps that can puncture or cut the human body, including medical needles, dissecting knives, surgical knives, glass test tubes, etc;

藥物性廢物

Pharmaceutical waste

藥物性廢物是指過期、淘汰、變質(zhì)或被污染的廢棄藥品，包括廢棄的一般性藥品,，廢棄的細(xì)胞毒性藥物和遺傳毒性藥物等；

Pharmaceutical waste refers to expired, eliminated, deteriorated or contaminated discarded drugs, including discarded general drugs, discarded cytotoxic drugs, and genotoxic drugs;

化學(xué)性廢物

Chemical waste

化學(xué)性廢物是指具有毒性、腐蝕性、易燃易爆性的廢棄化學(xué)物品，如廢棄的化學(xué)試劑、化學(xué)消毒劑、汞血壓計、汞溫度計等。

Chemical waste refers to waste chemicals that are toxic, corrosive, flammable, and explosive, such as discarded chemical reagents, chemical disinfectants, mercury sphygmomanometers, mercury thermometers, etc.

危害

harm

1、土壤的污染

1. Soil pollution

醫(yī)療廢物伴隨醫(yī)療服務(wù)過程而發(fā)生，如處置不當(dāng)，任意露天堆放，不僅占用大量的土地，導(dǎo)致可利用土地資源的減少，而且大量的有毒廢渣或廢液在自然界到處流放，很容易就接觸到土壤，有的醫(yī)療衛(wèi)生機(jī)構(gòu)甚至將醫(yī)療廢物簡單掩埋，這對土壤的污染則是非常大的。而醫(yī)療廢物的有毒物質(zhì)一旦進(jìn)入土壤，會被土壤所吸附，對土壤造成污染，殺死土壤中的微生物和原生動物，破壞土壤中的微生態(tài)，反過來又會降低土壤對污染物的降解能力；其中的酸、堿和鹽類等物質(zhì)會改變土壤的性質(zhì)和結(jié)構(gòu)，導(dǎo)致土質(zhì)酸化、堿化、硬化，影響植物根系的發(fā)育和生長，破壞生態(tài)環(huán)境；同時，許多有毒的有機(jī)物和重金屬會在植物體內(nèi)積蓄，人體吸入后，對肝臟和神經(jīng)系統(tǒng)會造成嚴(yán)重?fù)p害，誘發(fā)癌癥和使胎兒畸形。

Medical waste occurs during the medical service process. If not properly disposed of and stacked in the open air, it not only occupies a large amount of land, leading to a reduction in available land resources, but also a large amount of toxic waste residue or waste liquid is scattered throughout nature, making it easy to come into contact with the soil. Some medical and health institutions even bury medical waste, which can cause significant soil pollution. Once the toxic substances of medical waste enter the soil, they will be adsorbed by the soil, causing pollution, killing microorganisms and protozoa in the soil, damaging the soil's microecology, and in turn, reducing the soil's ability to degrade pollutants; The acids, alkalis, and salts in it can alter the properties and structure of the soil, leading to soil acidification, alkalization, and hardening, affecting the development and growth of plant roots, and damaging the ecological environment; At the same time, many toxic organic compounds and heavy metals can accumulate in plants. Inhalation by the human body can cause serious damage to the liver and nervous system, leading to cancer and fetal malformations.

2、水域的污染

2. Pollution of water bodies

醫(yī)療廢物可以通過多種途徑污染水體，如可隨地表徑流進(jìn)入河流湖泊，或隨風(fēng)遷徙落入水體，特別是當(dāng)醫(yī)療廢物露天放置或者混入生活廢物露天堆放時，有害物質(zhì)在雨水作用下，很容易流入江河湖海，造成水體的嚴(yán)重污染與破壞。最為嚴(yán)重的是有些醫(yī)療衛(wèi)生機(jī)構(gòu)甚至將醫(yī)療廢物直接倒入河流、湖泊或沿海海域中，造成更大污染。其中的有毒有害物質(zhì)進(jìn)入水體后，首先會導(dǎo)致水質(zhì)惡化，對人類飲用水安全造成威脅，危害人體健康；其次會影響水生生物正常生長，甚至?xí)⑺浪猩?，破壞水體生態(tài)平衡；醫(yī)療廢物中往往含有重金屬和人工合成的有機(jī)物，這些物質(zhì)大都穩(wěn)定性極高，難以降解，水體一旦遭受污染就很難恢復(fù)；對于含有傳染性病原菌的醫(yī)療廢物，一旦進(jìn)入水體，將會迅速引起傳染性疾病的快速蔓延，后果不堪設(shè)想。許多有機(jī)類醫(yī)療廢物長期堆放后也會和城市廢物一樣產(chǎn)生滲濾液。滲濾液危害眾所周知，它可進(jìn)入土壤使地下水受污染，或直接流入河流、湖泊和海洋，造成水資源的水質(zhì)型短缺。

Medical waste can pollute water bodies through various means, such as entering rivers and lakes through surface runoff, or migrating into water bodies with the wind. Especially when medical waste is placed outdoors or mixed with household waste, harmful substances can easily flow into rivers, lakes, and seas under the action of rainwater, causing serious pollution and damage to the water body. The most serious issue is that some medical and health institutions even dump medical waste directly into rivers, lakes, or coastal waters, causing greater pollution. After the toxic and harmful substances enter the water body, they will first cause the water quality to deteriorate, posing a threat to the safety of human drinking water and endangering human health; Secondly, it will affect the normal growth of aquatic organisms and even kill aquatic organisms, disrupting the ecological balance of the water body; Medical waste often contains heavy metals and artificially synthesized organic compounds, most of which have extremely high stability and are difficult to degrade. Once the water body is polluted, it is difficult to recover; For medical waste containing infectious pathogens, once it enters the water, it will quickly cause the rapid spread of infectious diseases, and the consequences are unimaginable. Many organic medical waste will also produce leachate after long-term storage, just like urban waste. The harm of leachate is well-known, as it can enter the soil and pollute groundwater, or directly flow into rivers, lakes, and oceans, causing water quality shortages.

3、大氣的污染

3. Air pollution

醫(yī)療廢物在堆放過程中，在溫度、水分的作用下，某些有機(jī)物質(zhì)發(fā)生分解，產(chǎn)生有害氣體；有些醫(yī)療廢物本身含有大量的易揮發(fā)的有機(jī)物，在堆放過程中還會自燃，放出CO2、SO2等氣體，不僅污染環(huán)境，而且火勢一旦蔓延，則難以救護(hù)；以微粒狀態(tài)存在的醫(yī)療廢物，在大風(fēng)吹動下，將隨風(fēng)飛揚，擴(kuò)散至遠(yuǎn)處，既污染環(huán)境，影響人體健康，又會玷污建筑物、花果樹木，影響市容與衛(wèi)生，擴(kuò)大危害面積與范圍；此外，醫(yī)療廢物在運輸與處理的過程中，如不采用嚴(yán)格的封閉措施，產(chǎn)生的有害氣體和粉塵也是十分嚴(yán)重的。擴(kuò)散到大氣中的有害氣體和粉塵不但會造成大氣質(zhì)量的惡化，而且一旦進(jìn)入人體和其他生物群落．還會危害到人類健康和生態(tài)平衡 [1]。

During the stacking process of medical waste, certain organic substances decompose under the influence of temperature and moisture, producing harmful gases; Some medical waste itself contains a large amount of volatile organic matter, which will self ignite during the stacking process, releasing gases such as CO2 and SO2, not only polluting the environment, but also making it difficult to rescue once the fire spreads; Medical waste in the form of particles, when blown by strong winds, will fly and spread far away, polluting the environment and affecting human health, as well as contaminating buildings, flowers, fruits, and trees, affecting urban appearance and hygiene, and expanding the area and scope of harm; In addition, during the transportation and treatment of medical waste, if strict sealing measures are not adopted, the harmful gases and dust generated are also very serious. The harmful gases and dust that diffuse into the atmosphere not only cause deterioration of atmospheric quality, but also pose a threat to human health and ecological balance once they enter human and other biological communities.