隨著環(huán)保政策的逐步收緊，環(huán)保設(shè)施安全問題已經(jīng)成為了大部分工業(yè)企業(yè)面對的一個重要風(fēng)險，特別是廢氣VOCs裝置系統(tǒng)的防爆安全，如RTO等焚燒裝置。RTO在正常工況下不易發(fā)生火災(zāi)、爆炸事故。但由于廢氣成分復(fù)雜多變、濃度波動大，易造成焚燒爐運行穩(wěn)定性較差，存在一定的安全隱患。

　　With the gradual tightening of environmental policies, the safety of environmental protection facilities has become an important risk faced by most industrial enterprises, especially the explosion-proof safety of exhaust VOCs device systems, such as RTO incineration devices. RTO is less prone to fire and explosion accidents under normal operating conditions. However, due to the complex and variable composition of exhaust gas and large concentration fluctuations, it is easy to cause poor stability in the operation of incinerators, which poses certain safety hazards.

　　RTO火災(zāi)爆炸事故安全防范措施

　　Safety precautions for RTO fire and explosion accidents

　　1、全面識別風(fēng)險。對不同廢氣混合集中收集時，應(yīng)對各種廢氣間的相互影響開展風(fēng)險分析，弄清廢氣的危險特性。對廢氣的組分，危險性、爆炸極限、閃點、燃點等進行檢定和檢測，全面掌握廢氣的安全風(fēng)險，避免發(fā)生反應(yīng)。對于廢氣成分復(fù)雜的，應(yīng)進行安全性分析，例如HAZOP分析，并采取相應(yīng)的安全措施。?

　　1. Fully identify risks. When collecting different waste gases in a centralized manner, risk analysis should be conducted to understand the mutual influence between various waste gases and clarify their hazardous characteristics. Verify and test the components, hazards, explosion limits, flash points, ignition points, etc. of exhaust gas, comprehensively grasp the safety risks of exhaust gas, and avoid reactions. For complex exhaust gas components, safety analysis should be conducted, such as HAZOP analysis, and corresponding safety measures should be taken.

　　2、優(yōu)化收集系統(tǒng)。對吸風(fēng)罩、風(fēng)機選用進行規(guī)范設(shè)計，同時廢氣收集管線需統(tǒng)籌規(guī)劃，形成支管→主管→處理裝置→總排口的收集處理系統(tǒng)，確保廢氣收集效果。合理選擇相關(guān)設(shè)備和材料，可通過設(shè)置緩沖罐、調(diào)整風(fēng)量等預(yù)處理設(shè)施，嚴格控制RTO爐入口有機物濃度和流速，保證相對平穩(wěn)、安全運行。

　　2. Optimize the collection system. Standardize the design of the suction hood and fan selection, and plan the exhaust gas collection pipeline in a coordinated manner to form a collection and treatment system from branch pipe to main pipe, treatment device to main exhaust outlet, ensuring the effectiveness of exhaust gas collection. Reasonable selection of relevant equipment and materials can be achieved by setting up buffer tanks, adjusting air volume and other pre-treatment facilities, strictly controlling the concentration and flow rate of organic matter at the inlet of the RTO furnace, and ensuring relatively stable and safe operation.

　　3、漸進化科學(xué)調(diào)試。RTO爐調(diào)試時理應(yīng)先進行空載調(diào)試，待空載調(diào)試穩(wěn)定后再逐步接入低濃度有機廢氣，如企業(yè)污水池加蓋收集后廢氣、車間換風(fēng)廢氣等，最終再逐步接入高濃度廢氣，同時對擬接入高濃度廢氣的排放流量、排放濃度進行檢測。

　　3. Gradually evolving scientific debugging. During the commissioning of RTO furnace, no-load commissioning should be carried out first. After the no-load commissioning is stable, low concentration organic waste gas should be gradually introduced, such as waste gas collected by covering the enterprise sewage tank, workshop ventilation waste gas, etc. Finally, high concentration waste gas should be gradually introduced, and the emission flow rate and concentration of the proposed high concentration waste gas should be tested.

　　4、安裝在線監(jiān)控系統(tǒng)，設(shè)置電控系統(tǒng)操作間。RTO 爐凈化處理系統(tǒng)是一項人機高度結(jié)合的設(shè)備，雖然其自動化程度較高，但必須安排專人進行維護與管理，如 RTO 爐在發(fā)生爆炸前有機物濃度常會在短時間內(nèi)迅速升高，此時系統(tǒng)若有人值守則可提前發(fā)出預(yù)警并采取必要的措施，避免事故的發(fā)生;同時對 RTO 各系統(tǒng)尾氣安裝 TVOC 濃度在線監(jiān)控系統(tǒng)，為企業(yè)管理提供必要的數(shù)據(jù)支撐。

　　4. Install an online monitoring system and set up an electrical control system operation room. The RTO furnace purification treatment system is a highly integrated device between humans and machines. Although it has a high degree of automation, it must be maintained and managed by dedicated personnel. For example, before an explosion occurs in the RTO furnace, the concentration of organic matter often increases rapidly in a short period of time. At this time, if there are personnel on duty, the system can issue a warning and take necessary measures to avoid accidents; At the same time, TVOC concentration online monitoring systems will be installed for the tail gas of various RTO systems to provide necessary data support for enterprise management.

　　噴淋塔在設(shè)計上需要注意的事項1. 凈化裝置結(jié)構(gòu)設(shè)計和凈化介質(zhì)選擇應(yīng)合理，凈化介質(zhì)與廢氣接觸后不應(yīng)生成其他有毒有害物質(zhì)。

　　Precautions for the design of spray towers: 1 The structural design of the purification device and the selection of purification medium should be reasonable, and the purification medium should not generate other toxic and harmful substances after coming into contact with the exhaust gas.

　　2. 如需要向噴淋塔加藥，根據(jù)所加物性質(zhì)選擇是否采取自動加藥方式。如所加物質(zhì)存在一定的毒性，則必須采用自動加藥方式且加藥全過程要求實現(xiàn)密閉控制，不得存在泄漏現(xiàn)象。

　　If it is necessary to add chemicals to the spray tower, choose whether to adopt automatic dosing method based on the properties of the added substances. If the added substance has a certain degree of toxicity, automatic dosing must be used and the entire dosing process must be controlled in a closed manner without any leakage.

　　3. 廢氣凈化塔基本配置有視窗及維修人孔、入風(fēng)口法蘭、出口法蘭、洗滌液入口、溢流口、排水口、填料、循環(huán)水泵、循環(huán)水過濾網(wǎng)、循環(huán)水管路、灑水噴嘴；其中視窗、維修人孔、溢流口需要保留，方便巡視及檢修。

　　3. The basic configuration of the exhaust gas purification tower includes windows and maintenance manholes, inlet flange, outlet flange, washing liquid inlet, overflow port, drainage port, packing, circulating water pump, circulating water filter screen, circulating water pipeline, and sprinkler nozzle; The windows, maintenance manholes, and overflow ports need to be preserved for easy inspection and maintenance.

　　4. 廢氣凈化塔要能實現(xiàn)自動進行PH值檢測，定期更換噴淋溶液，保證廢氣處理效果。整個系統(tǒng)無跑、冒、滴、漏現(xiàn)象。

　　4. The exhaust gas purification tower should be able to achieve automatic pH detection, regularly replace the spray solution, and ensure the effectiveness of exhaust gas treatment. The entire system has no running, emitting, dripping, or leaking phenomena.

　　5. 凈化裝置所有金屬結(jié)構(gòu)表面應(yīng)用防腐處理。有機廢氣處理設(shè)施存在的常見安全問題1、UV光解、低溫等離子等設(shè)施未做防潮處理，直接與水噴淋相連，存在電氣安全隱患。2、部分設(shè)施采用軸流風(fēng)機，皮帶傳動置于管道內(nèi)部，直接與有機廢氣接觸，高速傳動中摩擦產(chǎn)生的熱量容易成為點火源，誘發(fā)火災(zāi)。3、設(shè)施未在設(shè)備主體及廠房之間的管道中安裝阻火器或防火閥，加之缺乏清理維護，管道內(nèi)積聚大量的有機溶劑漆渣，一旦發(fā)生火災(zāi)容易造成大火。

　　5. All metal structure surfaces of the purification device shall be treated with anti-corrosion measures. Common safety issues with organic waste gas treatment facilities include: 1. UV photolysis, low-temperature plasma and other facilities that have not undergone moisture-proof treatment and are directly connected to water sprays, which poses electrical safety hazards. 2. Some facilities use axial flow fans and belt drives placed inside pipelines, which come into direct contact with organic waste gas. The heat generated by friction during high-speed transmission can easily become an ignition source, triggering fires. 3. The facility has not installed flame arresters or fire dampers in the pipelines between the equipment body and the factory building, coupled with a lack of cleaning and maintenance, resulting in the accumulation of a large amount of organic solvent paint residue in the pipelines. Once a fire occurs, it is easy to cause a major fire.

　　4、應(yīng)急設(shè)施不足，缺乏戶外消防栓、無消防水帶及水槍，應(yīng)急情況發(fā)生難以第一時間響應(yīng)。?

　　4. Insufficient emergency facilities, lack of outdoor fire hydrants, no fire hoses and water guns, making it difficult to respond to emergency situations in a timely manner.?

　　企業(yè)如何防范有機廢氣處理設(shè)施安全隱患？

　　How can enterprises prevent safety hazards in organic waste gas treatment facilities?

　　1、提升噴漆廢氣的收集效率，降低噴漆房內(nèi)的安全風(fēng)險。噴漆房必須單獨隔開，采用密閉作業(yè)方式，房內(nèi)必須使用防爆電氣設(shè)備。

　　1. Improve the collection efficiency of paint exhaust gas and reduce safety risks in the paint booth. The paint spraying room must be separated separately and operated in a sealed manner. Explosion proof electrical equipment must be used inside the room.

　　2、強化有機廢氣前處理，做好氣渣分離。應(yīng)使用高效水簾機確保噴漆廢氣中的絕大部分粉塵、漆渣在水簾機中得到高效處理，并且在高效水簾機后須安裝專門的漆渣清理板和清理槽。

　　2. Strengthen the pre-treatment of organic waste gas and do a good job in gas slag separation. An efficient water curtain machine should be used to ensure that the vast majority of dust and paint residue in the spray painting exhaust gas are efficiently treated in the water curtain machine, and a dedicated paint residue cleaning plate and cleaning tank must be installed after the high-efficiency water curtain machine.

　　3、提升有機廢氣處理工藝。建議淘汰低溫等離子等存在安全隱患的處理設(shè)備和不符合安全標準的UV光解設(shè)施。結(jié)合自身生產(chǎn)實際，若采用活性炭吸附的建議提升吸附箱容量；針對飽和活性炭，在確保安全情況下建設(shè)安裝離線催化燃燒裝置進行脫附再生或其他方式處理。

　　3. Improve the organic waste gas treatment process. It is recommended to eliminate processing equipment with safety hazards such as low-temperature plasma and UV photolysis facilities that do not meet safety standards. Based on our own production practice, it is recommended to increase the capacity of the adsorption tank by using activated carbon adsorption; For saturated activated carbon, offline catalytic combustion devices should be installed for desorption regeneration or other treatment methods while ensuring safety.

　　4、必須做好設(shè)備的運營維護。應(yīng)要安排專人負責(zé)水簾機、噴淋塔及UV光解箱的漆渣清理，加強廢氣輸送管道清理及噴淋廢水的更換頻次。必須做好運行維護,建立有機廢氣處理設(shè)施運行管理臺帳和第三方定期維護工作機制。對凈化裝置進行維護檢修、更換活性炭、設(shè)施運行等環(huán)節(jié)，做好相關(guān)資料記錄，資料記錄保存期限不得少于三年。

　　4. Equipment operation and maintenance must be done well. A dedicated person should be arranged to be responsible for cleaning the paint residue of the water curtain machine, spray tower, and UV photolysis box, and to strengthen the frequency of cleaning the exhaust gas transmission pipeline and replacing the spray wastewater. It is necessary to do a good job in operation and maintenance, establish a management ledger for the operation of organic waste gas treatment facilities, and establish a third-party regular maintenance mechanism. Maintain and repair the purification device, replace activated carbon, operate the facilities, and keep relevant records. The retention period of the records shall not be less than three years.

　　5、自覺加大對火災(zāi)安全隱患排查力度。在樓頂?shù)腣OCs設(shè)備附近安裝消火栓等消防器材，方便救援使用；建議在管道連通至室內(nèi)位置加裝防火閥，防止火焰蔓延至室內(nèi)；定期開展消防應(yīng)急演練。隨著工業(yè)化程度的不斷提高，VOCs的污染有進一步擴大的趨勢。而隨著最近環(huán)保政策的愈加嚴厲，對有機污染廢氣的排放控制就顯得更為重要了。我們一起來數(shù)點下國內(nèi)外都有哪些技術(shù)呢？各有什么優(yōu)缺點呢？

　　5. Consciously increase the investigation of fire safety hazards. Install fire hydrants and other firefighting equipment near the VOCs equipment on the rooftop to facilitate rescue operations; It is recommended to install fire dampers at the indoor location where the pipeline is connected to prevent flames from spreading indoors; Regularly conduct fire emergency drills. With the continuous improvement of industrialization, the pollution of VOCs has a further expanding trend. With the increasingly strict environmental policies recently, the control of organic pollution emissions has become even more important. Let's take a look at the technologies available both domestically and internationally? What are the advantages and disadvantages of each?

　　1處理原理及分類

　　1. Processing principle and classification

　　目前的揮發(fā)性有機污染物的治理包括破壞性，非破壞性方法，及這兩種方法的組合。

　　The current treatment of volatile organic pollutants includes destructive and non-destructive methods, as well as a combination of these two methods.

　　破壞性的方法包括燃燒、生物氧化、熱氧化、光催化氧化，低溫等離子體及其集成的技術(shù)，主要是由化學(xué)或生化反應(yīng)，用光，熱，微生物和催化劑將VOCs轉(zhuǎn)化成CO2和H2O等無毒無機小分子化合物。

　　Destructive methods include combustion, biological oxidation, thermal oxidation, photocatalytic oxidation, low-temperature plasma and its integrated technologies, mainly using chemical or biochemical reactions, light, heat, microorganisms and catalysts to convert VOCs into non-toxic inorganic small molecule compounds such as CO2 and H2O.

　　非破壞性法，即回收法，主要是碳吸附、吸收、冷凝和膜分離技術(shù)，通過物理方法，控制溫度，壓力或用選擇性滲透膜和選擇性吸附劑等來富集和分離揮發(fā)性有機化合物。

　　Non destructive methods, also known as recycling methods, mainly involve carbon adsorption, absorption, condensation, and membrane separation technologies. They enrich and separate volatile organic compounds through physical methods, controlling temperature, pressure, or using selective permeable membranes and selective adsorbents.

　　傳統(tǒng)的揮發(fā)性廢氣處理常用吸收、吸附法去除，燃燒去除等，在最近幾年中，半導(dǎo)體光催化劑的技術(shù)體，低溫等離子得到了迅速發(fā)展。

　　Traditional volatile exhaust gas treatment commonly uses absorption, adsorption, combustion removal, etc. In recent years, the technology of semiconductor photocatalysts and low-temperature plasma has developed rapidly.

　　2處理工藝解析1.吸附工藝（1）吸附工藝簡介吸附法主要適用于低濃度氣態(tài)污染物的凈化，對于高濃度的有機氣體，通常需要首先經(jīng)過冷凝等工藝將濃度降低后再進行吸附凈化。吸附技術(shù)是最為經(jīng)典和常用的氣體凈化技術(shù)，也是目前工業(yè)VOCs 治理的主流技術(shù)之一。吸附法的關(guān)鍵技術(shù)是吸附劑、吸附設(shè)備和工藝、再生介質(zhì)、后處理工藝等。

　　2. Process Analysis 1. Adsorption Process (1) Introduction to Adsorption Process Adsorption method is mainly suitable for the purification of low concentration gaseous pollutants. For high concentration organic gases, it is usually necessary to first reduce the concentration through condensation and other processes before adsorption purification. Adsorption technology is the most classic and commonly used gas purification technology, and it is also one of the mainstream technologies for industrial VOCs treatment at present. The key technologies of adsorption method include adsorbent, adsorption equipment and process, regeneration medium, post-treatment process, etc.

　　活性炭因其具有大比表面積和微孔結(jié)構(gòu)而廣泛應(yīng)用于吸附回收有機氣體。目前，對活性炭吸附有機氣體的研究主要集中在吸附平衡的預(yù)測、活性炭材料的改性及有機物的物化性質(zhì)對活性炭吸附性能的影響。

　　Activated carbon is widely used for adsorption and recovery of organic gases due to its large specific surface area and microporous structure. At present, research on the adsorption of organic gases by activated carbon mainly focuses on the prediction of adsorption equilibrium, modification of activated carbon materials, and the influence of the physicochemical properties of organic matter on the adsorption performance of activated carbon.

　　（2）活性炭吸附工藝原理及流程

　　(2) Principle and process of activated carbon adsorption technology

　　活性炭纖維吸附有機廢氣是當今世界上最為先進的技術(shù)之一，活性炭纖維比顆粒狀活性炭具有更大的吸附容量和更快的吸附動力學(xué)性能，活性炭吸、脫附工藝流程見圖1。

　　Activated carbon fiber adsorption of organic waste gas is one of the most advanced technologies in the world today. Activated carbon fiber has a larger adsorption capacity and faster adsorption kinetics than granular activated carbon. The process flow of activated carbon adsorption and desorption is shown in Figure 1.

　　（3）活性炭吸附工藝影響因素

　　(3) Factors affecting activated carbon adsorption process

　?。?）活性炭凈化空氣的物理吸附，如圖2所示四種情況：分子直徑大于孔的直徑，由于空間位阻，分子不能入孔，因此不吸附；分子直徑等于孔的直徑，吸附劑的捕捉力很強，非常適合低濃度吸附；分子直徑小于孔的直徑，孔內(nèi)發(fā)生毛細管冷凝，吸附容量大；分子直徑遠小于孔的直徑，吸附分子很容易解吸，解吸速率高，低濃度下的吸附量較小。

　　(4) The physical adsorption of activated carbon for air purification is shown in four situations in Figure 2: when the molecular diameter is larger than the pore diameter, due to steric hindrance, the molecules cannot enter the pore and therefore do not adsorb; The molecular diameter is equal to the diameter of the pore, and the capturing power of the adsorbent is strong, making it very suitable for low concentration adsorption; If the molecular diameter is smaller than the diameter of the pore, capillary condensation occurs inside the pore, resulting in a large adsorption capacity; The molecular diameter is much smaller than the pore diameter, and the adsorbed molecules are easily desorbed with a high desorption rate, resulting in a smaller adsorption capacity at low concentrations.

　?。?）活性炭吸附工藝的優(yōu)缺點優(yōu)點：適用于低濃度的各種污染物；活性炭價格不高，能源消耗低，應(yīng)用起來比較經(jīng)濟；通過脫附冷凝可回收溶劑有機物；應(yīng)用方便，只與同空氣相接觸就可以發(fā)揮作用；活性炭具有良好的耐酸堿和耐熱性，化學(xué)穩(wěn)定性較高。

　　(5) Advantages and disadvantages of activated carbon adsorption process: suitable for low concentration of various pollutants; Activated carbon is not expensive, has low energy consumption, and is relatively economical to use; Solvent organic compounds can be recovered through desorption condensation; Easy to apply, can only function in contact with the same air; Activated carbon has good acid and alkali resistance, heat resistance, and high chemical stability.

　　缺點：吸附量小，物理吸附存在吸附飽和問題，隨著吸附劑的消耗，吸附能力也變?nèi)?，使用一段時間后可能會出現(xiàn)吸附量小或失去吸附功能；吸附時，存在吸附的專一性問題，對混合氣體，可能吸附性會減弱，同時也存在分子直徑與活性炭孔徑不匹配，造成脫附現(xiàn)象；

　　Disadvantages: The adsorption capacity is small, and there is a problem of adsorption saturation in physical adsorption. As the adsorbent is consumed, the adsorption capacity also weakens, and after a period of use, there may be a decrease in adsorption capacity or loss of adsorption function; During adsorption, there is a problem of adsorption specificity, which may weaken the adsorption of mixed gases. At the same time, there is also a mismatch between the molecular diameter and the pore size of activated carbon, resulting in desorption phenomenon;

　　2.吸收工藝

　　2. Absorption process

　　（1）吸收工藝簡介用溶液、溶劑或清水吸收工業(yè)廢氣中的揮發(fā)性氣體，使其與廢氣分離的方法叫吸收法。溶液、溶劑、清水稱為吸收劑。吸收劑不同可以吸收不同的有害氣體。

　　(1) Introduction to absorption process: The method of separating volatile gases from industrial waste gas by absorbing them with solution, solvent or clean water is called absorption method. Solutions, solvents, and clean water are called absorbents. Different absorbents can absorb different harmful gases.

　　吸收法使用的吸收設(shè)備叫吸收器、凈化器或洗滌器。吸收法的工藝流程和濕法除塵工藝近似，只是濕法除塵工藝用清水，而吸收法凈化有害氣體要用溶劑或溶液。

　　The absorption equipment used in the absorption method is called an absorber, purifier, or washer. The process flow of absorption method is similar to that of wet dust removal process, except that wet dust removal process uses clean water, while absorption method purifies harmful gases using solvents or solutions.

　?。?）吸收工藝原理及流程

　　(2) Principle and process of absorption technology

　　以石油和天然氣回收為例，石油和天然氣回收應(yīng)包括煉油廠，化工廠，石油和天然氣站裝卸、產(chǎn)生的油氣。石油和天然氣出廠到銷售終端是一個完整的系統(tǒng)。

　　Taking oil and gas recovery as an example, oil and gas recovery should include the loading and unloading of oil and gas from refineries, chemical plants, and oil and gas stations. The transportation of oil and natural gas from the factory to the sales terminal is a complete system.

　　美國和歐洲國家，通常是在加油站采用一階段和兩階段油氣回收措施，即密閉卸油與加油，儲罐內(nèi)油氣返回油罐車，在加油時使用真空輔助裝置或油箱內(nèi)壓返回儲罐。在油庫，煉油廠和其他石油制品經(jīng)銷地設(shè)置油氣回收裝置，回收油氣。

　　In the United States and European countries, single-stage and two-stage oil and gas recovery measures are usually adopted at gas stations, namely closed unloading and refueling, and the oil and gas in the storage tank are returned to the tank truck. During refueling, vacuum assisted devices or tank pressure are used to return to the storage tank. Install oil and gas recovery devices in oil depots, refineries, and other petroleum product distribution locations to recover oil and gas.

　　吸收法通常用于油氣回收。裝卸油品時產(chǎn)生的油氣進入吸收塔，從出口排出貧油空氣，解吸塔內(nèi)進行吸收液的真空解吸，解吸的吸收液再循環(huán)利用，回收塔用汽油將進入的解吸氣進行回收，尾氣返回吸收塔重復(fù)該過程。用溶液吸收法回收揮發(fā)性有機物的吸收液通常是特殊的吸收液，吸收液的選擇將影響回收效果。

　　Absorption method is commonly used for oil and gas recovery. The oil and gas generated during the loading and unloading of oil products enter the absorption tower, and lean air is discharged from the outlet. The vacuum desorption of the absorption liquid is carried out in the desorption tower, and the desorbed absorption liquid is recycled. The recovery tower uses gasoline to recover the desorbed gas that enters, and the exhaust gas returns to the absorption tower to repeat the process. The absorption solution used to recover volatile organic compounds by solution absorption method is usually a special absorption solution, and the choice of absorption solution will affect the recovery effect.

　?。?）吸收工藝優(yōu)缺點優(yōu)點：吸收法工藝比較簡單，設(shè)備投資較低，操作和維修費用基本與碳吸附法相當，由于吸收介質(zhì)是采用煤油和吸收液，因此沒有二次污染問題。

　　(3) Advantages and disadvantages of absorption process: The absorption process is relatively simple, with lower equipment investment and operation and maintenance costs comparable to carbon adsorption. As the absorption medium uses kerosene and absorption liquid, there is no secondary pollution problem.

　　缺點：此工藝方法回收效率低，對于環(huán)保要求較高時，很難達到允許的油氣排放標準；設(shè)備占地空間大；能耗高；吸收劑消耗較大，需不斷補充。

　　Disadvantages: This process method has low recycling efficiency and is difficult to meet the allowable oil and gas emission standards when environmental requirements are high; The equipment occupies a large space; High energy consumption; Absorbent consumption is high and needs to be continuously replenished.

　　3.冷凝工藝（1）冷凝工藝簡介油品在儲運和銷售過程中部分輕烴組分揮發(fā)進入大氣，造成資源浪費和環(huán)境危害。同時有機溶劑廣泛應(yīng)用于工業(yè)生產(chǎn)中，每年都有大量的有機溶劑揮發(fā)到空氣中，危害人類健康，造成嚴重的環(huán)境污染。采取合適的方法回收這些揮發(fā)性有機物不但可以降低企業(yè)生產(chǎn)成本，而且具有巨大的環(huán)保效益。

　　3. Condensation process (1) Introduction to condensation process: During the storage, transportation, and sale of oil products, some light hydrocarbon components evaporate into the atmosphere, causing resource waste and environmental hazards. At the same time, organic solvents are widely used in industrial production, and a large amount of organic solvents evaporate into the air every year, posing a threat to human health and causing serious environmental pollution. Adopting appropriate methods to recover these volatile organic compounds can not only reduce production costs for enterprises, but also have significant environmental benefits.

　　冷凝法是用來回收VOCs的一種有效方法，其基本原理是利用氣態(tài)污染物在不同的溫度和壓力下具有不同飽和蒸汽壓，通過降低溫度和增加壓力，使某些有機物凝結(jié)出來，使VOCs得以凈化和回收。

　　Condensation method is an effective method for recovering VOCs. Its basic principle is to use gaseous pollutants with different saturated vapor pressures at different temperatures and pressures. By reducing the temperature and increasing the pressure, certain organic compounds are condensed to purify and recover VOCs.

　?。?）冷凝工藝原理及流程

　　(2) Principle and process of condensation technology

　　冷凝式油氣回收設(shè)備采用多級復(fù)疊或自復(fù)疊制冷技術(shù)，系統(tǒng)流程雖然相對復(fù)雜，但其關(guān)鍵部件壓縮機和節(jié)流機構(gòu)已全部實現(xiàn)本土化生產(chǎn)，投資和運行成本較低。

　　The condensing oil and gas recovery equipment adopts multi-stage cascade or self cascade refrigeration technology. Although the system process is relatively complex, the key components of the compressor and throttling mechanism have all been localized for production, resulting in lower investment and operating costs.

　　根據(jù)換熱管工作原理可分為制冷劑回路和氣體回路部分，換熱管連接兩部。在氣體循環(huán)部分，低溫冷媒在換熱器中和熱的有機溶劑混合氣體進行熱交換，有機溶劑液化后回收，制冷劑流入儲液罐。

　　According to the working principle of heat exchange tubes, they can be divided into refrigerant circuit and gas circuit parts, and the heat exchange tubes are connected to the two parts. In the gas circulation section, the low-temperature refrigerant exchanges heat with the hot organic solvent mixture gas in the heat exchanger. The organic solvent liquefies and is recovered, and the refrigerant flows into the storage tank.

　　制冷劑回路，壓縮機將制冷劑壓縮成高溫高壓氣態(tài)制冷劑，通過風(fēng)冷冷凝器液化，通過干燥過濾器，在冷媒-制冷劑熱交換器中冷的液態(tài)制冷劑與冷媒進行熱交換，低溫冷媒進入儲液罐，制冷劑通過吸入過濾器進入壓縮機入口，完成整個的制冷劑冷媒換熱過程。

　　The refrigerant circuit compresses the refrigerant into a high-temperature and high-pressure gaseous refrigerant, liquefies it through an air-cooled condenser, passes through a dry filter, and exchanges heat with the refrigerant in a refrigerant refrigerant heat exchanger. The low-temperature refrigerant enters the storage tank, and the refrigerant enters the compressor inlet through a suction filter, completing the entire refrigerant refrigerant heat exchange process.

　?。?）冷凝工藝的影響因素冷凝分離法回收輕烴要對原料氣體冷卻降溫。根據(jù)原理可分為節(jié)流膨脹制冷，膨脹機膨脹制冷。根據(jù)工藝可分為制冷劑制冷（如丙烷制冷），節(jié)流膨脹制冷，膨脹機膨脹制冷，混合制冷（在膨脹機膨脹制冷或工藝流體自身節(jié)流膨脹制冷的基礎(chǔ)上外加冷劑制冷）。分離方法包括精餾系統(tǒng)精餾分離，分離器相平衡分離。這個過程一般包括脫水、增壓（低壓力氣體）、精餾和制冷。以上冷凝工藝的各個部分的選擇都會影響最終的冷凝效果。

　　(3) The influencing factors of condensation process: The recovery of light hydrocarbons by condensation separation method requires cooling and temperature reduction of the raw material gas. According to the principle, it can be divided into throttling expansion refrigeration and expander expansion refrigeration. According to the process, it can be divided into refrigerant refrigeration (such as propane refrigeration), throttling expansion refrigeration, expander expansion refrigeration, and mixed refrigeration (adding refrigerant refrigeration on the basis of expander expansion refrigeration or process fluid throttling expansion refrigeration). The separation methods include distillation separation in the distillation system and phase equilibrium separation in the separator. This process generally includes dehydration, pressurization (low-pressure gas), distillation, and refrigeration. The selection of each part of the above condensation process will affect the final condensation effect.

　?。?）冷凝工藝優(yōu)缺點優(yōu)點：冷凝法是利用物質(zhì)沸點的不同回收，適合沸點較高的有機物，該方法具有回收純度高、設(shè)備工藝簡單、能耗低的優(yōu)點；并有設(shè)備緊湊、占用空間小、自動化程度高、維護方便、安全性好、輸出為液態(tài)油可直接利用等優(yōu)點；

　　(4) Advantages and disadvantages of condensation process: Condensation method utilizes the different boiling points of substances for recovery, suitable for organic compounds with higher boiling points. This method has the advantages of high recovery purity, simple equipment process, and low energy consumption; And it has the advantages of compact equipment, small space occupation, high degree of automation, easy maintenance, good safety, and direct utilization of liquid oil output;

　　缺點：單一冷凝法要達標需要降到很低的溫度，耗電量巨大，不是真正意義上的“節(jié)能減排”。

　　Disadvantages: The single condensation method requires a very low temperature to meet standards, consumes a huge amount of electricity, and is not truly "energy-saving and emission reducing".

　　4.膜分離工藝（1）膜分離工藝簡介在石油開采和儲運過程中，部分油品揮發(fā)到大氣中形成的油氣中，除空氣外，主要C4-C5以及少量芳香烴。這些有機蒸氣排放不僅造成嚴重的資源浪費，而且對空氣質(zhì)量有很大影響，進而影響人類的健康，目前，有機蒸氣的分離回收方法主要是冷凝、活性炭吸附、膜分離法、溶劑吸收法。膜分離技術(shù)是一種效率較高的分離方法 。

　　4. Membrane Separation Process (1) Introduction to Membrane Separation Process In the process of petroleum extraction and storage, some oil products evaporate into the atmosphere to form oil and gas, mainly C4-C5 and a small amount of aromatic hydrocarbons, except for air. These organic vapor emissions not only cause serious resource waste, but also have a significant impact on air quality, thereby affecting human health. Currently, the main methods for separating and recovering organic vapor are condensation, activated carbon adsorption, membrane separation, and solvent absorption. Membrane separation technology is a highly efficient separation method.

　?。?）膜分離工藝原理及流程

　　(2) Principle and process of membrane separation technology

　　膜分離有機蒸氣回收系統(tǒng)是通過溶解-擴散機理來實現(xiàn)分離的。氣體分子與膜接觸后，在膜的表面溶解，進而在膜兩側(cè)表面就會產(chǎn)生一個濃度梯度，因為不同氣體分子通過致密膜的溶解擴散速度有所不同，使得氣體分子由膜內(nèi)向膜另一側(cè)擴散，最后從膜的另一側(cè)表面解吸，最終達到分離目的。

　　The membrane separation organic vapor recovery system achieves separation through the dissolution diffusion mechanism. After gas molecules come into contact with the membrane, they dissolve on the surface of the membrane, resulting in a concentration gradient on both sides of the membrane. This is because different gas molecules have different diffusion rates through the dense membrane, causing them to diffuse from the membrane to the other side of the membrane and eventually desorb from the other side of the membrane, ultimately achieving the separation goal.

　　膜分離裝置設(shè)于高壓冷凝器之后，緩沖罐前，由于排放氣壓縮機能力不足，只有一部分氣體經(jīng)過膜分離裝置，其他部分直接進入緩沖罐，滲透氣返回至低壓冷卻器前，尾氣進入緩沖罐。

　　The membrane separation device is located after the high-pressure condenser and before the buffer tank. Due to the insufficient capacity of the exhaust gas compressor, only a portion of the gas passes through the membrane separation device, while the rest directly enters the buffer tank. The permeate gas returns to the low-pressure cooler and the exhaust gas enters the buffer tank.

　?。?）膜分離工藝的影響因素支撐層的材質(zhì)對滲透速率和烴類VOCs回收率產(chǎn)生重要影響，對于同一種材質(zhì)的支撐層，滲透速率和烴類VOCs 回收率隨孔徑的減小而增大，但當孔徑減到某一臨界值時，隨孔徑的繼續(xù)減小，滲透速率和烴類VOCs 回收率將減小。

　　(3) The material of the support layer has a significant impact on the permeation rate and hydrocarbon VOCs recovery rate in membrane separation process. For the same material support layer, the permeation rate and hydrocarbon VOCs recovery rate increase with the decrease of pore size. However, when the pore size decreases to a critical value, the permeation rate and hydrocarbon VOCs recovery rate will decrease as the pore size continues to decrease.

　　（4）膜分離工藝優(yōu)缺點優(yōu)點：?膜分離技術(shù)是近代石油化工學(xué)科中分離科學(xué)的前沿技術(shù)。它具有投資小、見效快、流程簡單、回收率高、能耗低、無二次污染的特點，具有較高的科技含量；

　　(4) Advantages and disadvantages of membrane separation process:? Membrane separation technology is a cutting-edge technology in the field of separation science in modern petrochemical engineering. It has the characteristics of small investment, fast results, simple process, high recovery rate, low energy consumption, and no secondary pollution, and has a high technological content;

　　缺點：投資大；膜國產(chǎn)率低，價格昂貴，而且膜壽命短；膜分離裝置要求穩(wěn)流、穩(wěn)壓氣體，操作要求高。

　　Disadvantages: Large investment; The domestic production rate of membranes is low, the price is expensive, and the lifespan of membranes is short; Membrane separation devices require stable flow and pressure of gas, with high operational requirements.

　　5.燃燒工藝（1）燃燒工藝簡介一類VOCs 處理方法是所謂破壞性技術(shù)，即通過化學(xué)或生物的技術(shù)使VOCs 轉(zhuǎn)化為二氧化碳、水以及氯化氫等無毒或毒性小的無機物。燃燒法即屬此類技術(shù)。

　　5. Combustion process (1) Introduction to combustion process. One type of VOCs treatment method is the so-called destructive technology, which converts VOCs into non-toxic or less toxic inorganic substances such as carbon dioxide, water, and hydrogen chloride through chemical or biological techniques. The combustion method belongs to this type of technology.

　　燃燒法分直接燃燒法和催化燃燒法。直接燃燒法適合處理高濃度 VOCs 的廢氣，因其運行溫度通常在800-1200℃時，工藝能耗成本較高，且燃燒尾氣中容易出現(xiàn)二惡英、NOx等副產(chǎn)物；由于廢氣中VOCs濃度一般較低，僅僅依靠反應(yīng)熱，一般難以維持反應(yīng)所需的溫度。

　　The combustion method is divided into direct combustion method and catalytic combustion method. The direct combustion method is suitable for treating high concentration VOCs exhaust gas, as its operating temperature is usually between 800-1200 ℃, resulting in high process energy consumption costs, and by-products such as dioxins and NOx are prone to occur in the combustion exhaust gas; Due to the generally low concentration of VOCs in exhaust gas, it is difficult to maintain the required temperature for the reaction solely relying on the heat of reaction.

　　為了提高熱經(jīng)濟性，人們開展了大量的研究，一個方向是改進催化劑的性能使反應(yīng)溫度降低。另一個方向是研究新的工藝技術(shù)、新的反應(yīng)器設(shè)計以使反應(yīng)能在較高的溫度下自熱地實現(xiàn)。

　　In order to improve the thermal economy, extensive research has been conducted, with one direction being to improve the performance of catalysts to lower the reaction temperature. Another direction is to research new process technologies and reactor designs to enable reactions to self heat up at higher temperatures.

　?。?）燃燒工藝原理及流程

　　(2) Principles and processes of combustion technology

　　催化燃燒中，預(yù)熱式是一種基本的流程形式。有機廢氣在進入反應(yīng)器之前，要在預(yù)熱室中的加熱，因為有機廢氣溫度低于100攝氏度時，濃度低，熱量不能自給。燃燒凈化后，與未處理的廢氣進行熱交換，回收部分的熱量。煤氣或電加熱是該工藝常用的方法，加熱到催化反應(yīng)所需的點火溫度。

　　In catalytic combustion, preheating is a basic process form. Organic waste gas needs to be heated in the preheating chamber before entering the reactor, because when the temperature of organic waste gas is below 100 degrees Celsius, the concentration is low and the heat cannot be self-sufficient. After combustion purification, heat exchange is carried out with untreated exhaust gas to recover some of the heat. Gas or electric heating is a commonly used method in this process, heating to the ignition temperature required for catalytic reaction.

　　（3）燃燒工藝的影響因素催化燃燒催化劑的選擇是關(guān)鍵，在消除效率和能耗方面其性能具有決定性的作用。對于揮發(fā)性有機化合物氧化催化劑一般可分為2類：貴金屬催化劑（鉑，鈀等）和金屬氧化物催化劑（銅，鉻，錳等），貴金屬催化劑被廣泛使用于揮發(fā)性有機化合物的催化燃燒，因其具有良好的起燃活性。在用于催化氧化VOCs的貴金屬催化劑中，鉑比鈀活性要高。

　　(3) The selection of catalytic combustion catalyst is crucial for the influencing factors of combustion process, and its performance plays a decisive role in eliminating efficiency and energy consumption. Catalysts for the oxidation of volatile organic compounds can generally be divided into two categories: precious metal catalysts (platinum, palladium, etc.) and metal oxide catalysts (copper, chromium, manganese, etc.). Precious metal catalysts are widely used in the catalytic combustion of volatile organic compounds due to their excellent ignition activity. Platinum is more active than palladium in precious metal catalysts used for catalytic oxidation of VOCs.

　?。?）燃燒工藝優(yōu)缺點優(yōu)點：相較與直接燃燒法其輔助燃料費用低，二次污染物NOx生成量少，燃燒設(shè)備的體積較小，VOCs去除率較高；

　　(4) Advantages and disadvantages of combustion technology: Compared with direct combustion method, it has lower auxiliary fuel cost, less secondary pollutant NOx generation, smaller combustion equipment volume, and higher VOCs removal rate;

　　缺點：催化劑價格較貴，且要求廢氣中不得含有會導(dǎo)致催化劑失活的成分。

　　Disadvantages: Catalysts are relatively expensive and require that the exhaust gas must not contain components that can cause catalyst deactivation.

　　6.生物過濾工藝（1）生物過濾工藝簡介利用微生物的新陳代謝過程對多種有機物和某些無機物進行生物降解，可以有效去除工業(yè)廢氣中的污染物質(zhì)，此即為處理有機廢氣的生物法。

　　6. Biological filtration process (1) Introduction to biological filtration process: Utilizing the metabolic process of microorganisms to biodegrade various organic and certain inorganic substances, it can effectively remove pollutants from industrial waste gas, which is the biological method for treating organic waste gas.

　　最先提出采用微生物處理廢氣構(gòu)想的是 Bach，他曾于1923年利用土壤過濾床處理污水處理廠散發(fā)的含 H2S 惡臭氣體。在德國和荷蘭的許多地區(qū)，該技術(shù)已大規(guī)模并成功地應(yīng)用于控制氣味，揮發(fā)性有機化合物和空氣中的有毒排放，許多常見的空氣污染物的控制效率已經(jīng)達到90％以上。

　　The first person to propose the idea of using microorganisms to treat exhaust gas was Bach. In 1923, he used a soil filter bed to treat the foul odor gas containing H2S emitted from a sewage treatment plant. In many regions of Germany and the Netherlands, this technology has been widely and successfully applied to control odors, volatile organic compounds, and toxic emissions in the air. The control efficiency of many common air pollutants has reached over 90%.

　　（2）生物過濾工藝原理及流程

　　(2) Principle and process of biological filtration technology

　　生物過濾工藝系統(tǒng)通過氣體輸送裝置，噴淋裝置和過濾塔主體三個部分組合而成。揮發(fā)性有機化合物通過加壓預(yù)濕，在過濾塔內(nèi)與填料層表面的生物膜相接觸，揮發(fā)性有機物從氣相轉(zhuǎn)移到生物膜，進而被微生物分解利用，并且被轉(zhuǎn)化成二氧化碳，水和其他的分子物質(zhì)，然后將凈化后的氣體排出。噴淋裝置定期向填料層噴灑噴淋液, 以調(diào)節(jié)填料層的水分含量、pH 值和營養(yǎng)鹽含量。

　　The biological filtration process system is composed of three parts: gas delivery device, spray device, and filter tower body. Volatile organic compounds are pre wetted under pressure and come into contact with the biofilm on the surface of the packing layer in the filtration tower. Volatile organic compounds are transferred from the gas phase to the biofilm, and then decomposed and utilized by microorganisms, and converted into carbon dioxide, water, and other molecular substances. The purified gas is then discharged. The spray device regularly sprays spray liquid onto the filling layer to adjust the moisture content, pH value, and nutrient content of the filling layer.

　?。?）生物過濾工藝的影響因素填料：生物滴濾器中, 生物膜生長在填料的表面, 氣態(tài)有機物流通于填料之間的空隙。填料比表面積的大小在一定程度上反映了微生物的多少, 孔隙率則影響氣體、液體的流速, 而填料層的高度對有機物是否處理完全有著重要意義。

　　(3) The influencing factors of biological filtration process: In a biological drip filter, biofilm grows on the surface of the packing, and gaseous organic gas flows through the gaps between the packing. The specific surface area of the filler reflects to some extent the number of microorganisms, while porosity affects the flow rate of gases and liquids. The height of the filler layer is of great significance for the treatment of organic matter.

　　營養(yǎng)液：生物滴濾塔中的營養(yǎng)物質(zhì)，微量元素和緩沖液均勻噴灑在填料上，以提供生物膜中生物菌群生長和繁殖所需的營養(yǎng)物質(zhì)。揮發(fā)性有機物的去除率一定程度上受營養(yǎng)液的流量，氮和磷的含量等的影響。

　　Nutrient solution: Nutrients, trace elements, and buffer solution from the biological drip filtration tower are evenly sprayed onto the packing to provide the necessary nutrients for the growth and reproduction of microbial communities in the biofilm. The removal rate of volatile organic compounds is to some extent affected by the flow rate of nutrient solution, nitrogen and phosphorus content, etc.

　　進氣：生物滴濾器運行過程中, 氣體流量、入口氣體濃度的大小都對氣體本身的去除效率有著顯著的影響。

　　Air intake: During the operation of a biological drip filter, the gas flow rate and inlet gas concentration have a significant impact on the removal efficiency of the gas itself.

　?。?）生物過濾工藝優(yōu)缺點優(yōu)點：適用范圍廣，處理效率高，工藝簡單，費用低，無二次污染 。

　　(4) Advantages and disadvantages of biological filtration process: wide applicability, high treatment efficiency, simple process, low cost, and no secondary pollution.

　　缺點：對高濃度、 生物降解性差及難生物降解的 VOCs 去除率低 。

　　Disadvantages: Low removal rate for VOCs with high concentration, poor biodegradability, and difficulty in biodegradation.

　　7.等離子體工藝（1）等離子體工藝簡介等離子體污染物控制技術(shù)利用氣體放電產(chǎn)生具有高度反應(yīng)活性的粒子與各種有機、無機污染物發(fā)生反應(yīng)，從而使污染物分子分解成為小分子化合物或氧化成容易處理的化合物而被去除。

　　7. Plasma process (1) Introduction to plasma process Plasma pollutant control technology uses gas discharge to generate highly reactive particles that react with various organic and inorganic pollutants, thereby decomposing pollutant molecules into small molecule compounds or oxidizing them into easily treatable compounds for removal.

　　這一技術(shù)的最大特點是可以高效、便捷地對多種污染物進行破壞分解，使用的設(shè)備簡單，占用的空間較小，并適合于多種工作環(huán)境。

　　The biggest feature of this technology is that it can efficiently and conveniently decompose various pollutants, use simple equipment, occupy small space, and is suitable for various working environments.

　?。?）等離子體工藝原理及流程

　　(2) Principles and processes of plasma technology

　　用于處理揮發(fā)性有機物的主要是電暈放電,主要的降解機制如下：在施加的電場下，在電極空間中的電子獲得了能量并開始加速。運動的過程中的電子與氣體分子相互碰撞，使氣體分子被激發(fā)、電離或吸附電子成為負離子。

　　The main method used to treat volatile organic compounds is corona discharge, and the main degradation mechanism is as follows: under an applied electric field, electrons in the electrode space gain energy and begin to accelerate. During the process of movement, electrons collide with gas molecules, causing them to be excited, ionized, or adsorbed into negative ions.

　　（3）等離子體工藝的影響因素在降解過程中，電極電壓的選擇和控制是其主要內(nèi)容，它會影響放電介質(zhì)的放電和電子的攜能，以及之后的一系列反應(yīng)，進而影響到降解效率；同時電極電壓也作為該方法達到商業(yè)應(yīng)用的一個重要參數(shù)，因此電極電壓的選擇特別關(guān)鍵。

　　(3) The influencing factors of plasma technology in the degradation process include the selection and control of electrode voltage, which affects the discharge of the discharge medium, the energy carrying of electrons, and a series of subsequent reactions, thereby affecting the degradation efficiency; At the same time, electrode voltage is also an important parameter for achieving commercial applications of this method, so the selection of electrode voltage is particularly critical.

　　低溫等離子體降解VOCs除了和電極電壓有密切關(guān)系外,其還受反應(yīng)器結(jié)構(gòu)、反應(yīng)背景氣氛、VOCs 廢氣中含水量、放電頻率、放電電壓、VOCs 的化學(xué)結(jié)構(gòu)、催化劑種類、低溫等離子體放電形式、反應(yīng)溫度以及 VOCs的初始濃度等的影響,其中以氣體濃度和氣流量的影響為主。

　　The degradation of VOCs by low-temperature plasma is not only closely related to electrode voltage, but also influenced by reactor structure, reaction background atmosphere, water content in VOCs exhaust gas, discharge frequency, discharge voltage, chemical structure of VOCs, catalyst type, low-temperature plasma discharge form, reaction temperature, and initial concentration of VOCs, among which gas concentration and gas flow rate are the main factors.

　　（4）等離子體工藝優(yōu)缺點優(yōu)點：處理效率高，運行費用低，特別對芳烴的去除效率高。

　　(4) Advantages and disadvantages of plasma technology: high processing efficiency, low operating costs, especially high removal efficiency for aromatic hydrocarbons.

　　缺點：對高濃度 VOCs 處理效率一般，目前主要停留在實驗室階段，缺乏實際應(yīng)用。

　　Disadvantages: The treatment efficiency for high concentration VOCs is generally average, and currently it mainly remains in the laboratory stage, lacking practical applications.

　　8光催化氧化工藝（1）光催化氧化工藝簡介光化學(xué)和光催化氧化法是目前研究較多的一種高級氧化技術(shù)。光催化反應(yīng)即在光的作用下進行的化學(xué)反應(yīng)。分子吸收特定波長的電磁輻射后，是分子達到激發(fā)態(tài)，然后發(fā)生化學(xué)反應(yīng)，產(chǎn)生新的物質(zhì)，或成為熱反應(yīng)的引發(fā)劑。

　　8. Photocatalytic oxidation process (1) Introduction to photocatalytic oxidation process Photochemistry and photocatalytic oxidation are currently widely studied advanced oxidation technologies. Photocatalytic reaction is a chemical reaction that occurs under the action of light. After absorbing electromagnetic radiation of a specific wavelength, molecules reach an excited state and undergo chemical reactions, producing new substances or becoming initiators of thermal reactions.

　?。?）光催化氧化工藝原理及流程

　　(2) Principle and process of photocatalytic oxidation technology

　　Ti02作為一種半導(dǎo)體材料其自身的光電特性決定了它可以用作光催化劑。半導(dǎo)體的能帶結(jié)構(gòu)通常是一個電子填充低能量價帶（VB）和一個空的高能量的導(dǎo)帶（CB），導(dǎo)帶和價帶之間的區(qū)域被稱為禁帶。

　　As a semiconductor material, the photoelectric properties of TiO2 determine that it can be used as a photocatalyst. The band structure of semiconductors typically consists of an electron filled low-energy valence band (VB) and an empty high-energy conduction band (CB), with the region between the conduction and valence bands referred to as the bandgap.

　　當照射半導(dǎo)體的光能量等于或大于禁帶寬度時，其價帶電子被激發(fā)，跨過禁帶進入導(dǎo)帶，并在價帶中產(chǎn)生相應(yīng)空穴。電子從價帶激發(fā)到導(dǎo)帶，激發(fā)后分離的電子和空穴都有一部分進一步進行反應(yīng)。

　　When the light energy irradiated on a semiconductor is equal to or greater than the bandgap width, its valence band electrons are excited, crossing the bandgap into the conduction band and generating corresponding holes in the valence band. Electrons are excited from the valence band to the conduction band, and a portion of the separated electrons and holes undergo further reactions after excitation.

　　光催化反應(yīng)機理見圖：

　　The photocatalytic reaction mechanism is shown in the figure:

　?。?）光催化氧化工藝的影響因素研究表明，反應(yīng)物初始濃度對光催化效率或降解速率有明顯的影響。光催化效率隨著初始濃度增加而波動，存在明顯的濃度轉(zhuǎn)變點；低濃度目標物的光催化降解效率大于高濃度目標物的光催化降解效率。

　　(3) The study on the influencing factors of photocatalytic oxidation process shows that the initial concentration of reactants has a significant impact on the photocatalytic efficiency or degradation rate. The photocatalytic efficiency fluctuates with increasing initial concentration, and there is a clear concentration transition point; The photocatalytic degradation efficiency of low concentration target substances is greater than that of high concentration target substances.

　　濕度對光催化反應(yīng)的影響尚無一致性結(jié)論。對于不同化合物或者不同濃度等實驗條件，存在很大的差別。

　　There is no consistent conclusion on the effect of humidity on photocatalytic reactions. There are significant differences in experimental conditions for different compounds or concentrations.

　?。?）光催化氧化工藝優(yōu)缺點優(yōu)點：處理效率高，運行費用低，適用于低濃度廣范圍的 VOCs特別對芳烴的去除效率高；

　　(4) Advantages and disadvantages of photocatalytic oxidation process: high treatment efficiency, low operating costs, suitable for VOCs with low concentration and wide range, especially for high removal efficiency of aromatic hydrocarbons;

　　缺點：對高濃度 VOCs 處理效率一般；主要還停留在實驗室階段，缺乏實際應(yīng)用。

　　Disadvantages: The treatment efficiency for high concentration VOCs is generally low; Mainly still in the laboratory stage, lacking practical application.

　　9.沸石轉(zhuǎn)輪+RTO工藝（1）工藝原理：

　　9. Zeolite wheel+RTO process (1) Process principle:

　　VOCs廢氣通過沸石濃縮轉(zhuǎn)輪后，能有效被吸附于沸石中，達到去除的目的。經(jīng)過沸石吸附的揮發(fā)性氣體被潔凈后直接通過煙囪排放到大氣中，轉(zhuǎn)輪持續(xù)以1-6轉(zhuǎn)/小時的速度旋轉(zhuǎn)。

　　After passing through the zeolite concentration wheel, VOCs waste gas can be effectively adsorbed onto the zeolite to achieve the purpose of removal. The volatile gases adsorbed by zeolite are cleaned and directly discharged into the atmosphere through the chimney, and the impeller continues to rotate at a speed of 1-6 revolutions per hour.

　　同時將吸附的揮發(fā)性有機物傳送至脫附區(qū)，于脫附區(qū)中利用一小股加熱氣體將揮發(fā)性有機物進行脫附，脫附后的沸石轉(zhuǎn)輪旋轉(zhuǎn)至吸附區(qū)，持續(xù)吸附揮發(fā)性有機氣體。脫附后的濃縮有機廢氣送至焚化爐進行燃燒轉(zhuǎn)成二氧化碳及水蒸氣排放至大氣中。

　　At the same time, the adsorbed volatile organic compounds are transported to the desorption zone, where a small stream of heated gas is used to desorb the volatile organic compounds. The desorbed zeolite wheel rotates to the adsorption zone and continues to adsorb volatile organic gases. The concentrated organic waste gas after desorption is sent to an incinerator for combustion, where it is converted into carbon dioxide and water vapor and discharged into the atmosphere.

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